Global Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Worldwide Managerial Economics - Essay Example The expansion in the financial movement turns into an open door for laborers in light of the expansion in the interest of another coordinated worldwide market just as the dynamism of the progression of capital. At the point when an organization goes worldwide in its business system, for example, it could put resources into an abroad nation to exploit the modest work, subsequently, creating occupations for the work power in that specific district. This is particularly useful for laborers in the Third World nations which need budgetary funding to help endeavor that would prompt business openings. In a perfect world, it is trusted that the development created by these exchange achievements would close the pay hole of laborers in creating and modern nations. Then again, the current pattern in global exchange gets disadvantageous to laborers when the expansion in rivalry among ventures makes nearby firms overlay up, leaving a path of jobless or came up short on laborers behind. The passage of worldwide organizations in a specific market - with the benefit of its assets - swallow little and medium estimated organizations in mergers or drive them bankrupt since it could bear to bring down its items costs. We see the most unfavorable effect of globalization in the agribusiness business of littler nations and those whose legislatures are banished to sponsor their ventures. 1 Another inconvenience, which is actually not a result of globalization as such but rather the absence of state approaches and guideline on this new monetary marvel, is the awful work gauges of the worldwide organizations. The current universal exchanging framework follows the exchange advancement and deregulation terms directed by the World Trade Organization. There are as of now a few achievements accomplished by the world body predominantly in the bringing down of duties just as in the participation of its part states in administering arrangements in accordance with deregulation. Be that as it may, one of the most genuine difficulties in accomplishing the

Sacred Heart University Admissions and Acceptance Rate

Consecrated Heart University Admissions and Acceptance Rate Consecrated Heart University in Fairfield, Connecticut concedes over portion of theâ applicants every year. Those keen on applying to the school should present an application, letters of proposal, and authority secondary school transcripts. While SAT or ACT scores are not required, planned understudies can submit them on the off chance that they might want. Ascertain your odds of getting in with this free apparatus from Cappex. Affirmations Data (2016) Consecrated Heart University Acceptance Rate: 57 percentGPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Sacred Heart Admissions: Sacred Heart University doesn't expect candidates to submit state administered test scores with their application. You are free to do as such on the off chance that you need them to be considered.Northeast Conference SAT score comparisonNortheast Conference ACT score comparisonCompare SAT scores for Connecticut collegesCompare ACT scores for Connecticut universities Sacrosanct Heart University Description Established in 1963, Sacred Heart is a generally youthful Catholic college. The 69-section of land grounds is situated in Fairfield, Connecticut, an hour and a half from Manhattan. The college has a 13 to 1â student/facultyâ ratioâ and a normal class size of around 22. Consecrated Heart hasâ 45 degreeâ programs. Among students, business and brain research are the most well known. The school much of the time positions well among northeastern universities. On the athletic front, the Sacred Heart University Pioneers contend in the NCAA Division I Northeast Conference. The school fields 31 Division I groups, and understudies can likewise partake in 28 club sports. Enlistment (2015) Absolute Enrollment: 8,532â (5,428 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 36 percent male/64 percent female88â percent full-time Costs (2016 - 17) Educational cost and Fees: $38,300Books: $1,200 (why so much?)Room and Board: $14,450Other Expenses: $2,650Total Cost: $56,600 Holy Heart University Financial Aid (2015 - 16) Level of New Students Receiving Aid: 100 percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 99 percentLoans: 68 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $15,033Loans: $11,047 Scholarly Programs Most Popular Majors: Accounting, Athletic Training, Biology, Business Administration, Communication Studies, Criminal Justice, English, Finance, Nursing, Political Science, Psychology What major is directly for you? Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time understudies): 83 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 58 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 64 percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports: Fencing, Football, Wrestling, Volleyball, Basketball, Golf, Soccer, Ice Hockey, Lacrosse, BaseballWomens Sports: Rowing, Rugby, Fencing, Golf, Softball, Tennis, Volleyball, Bowling, Basketball, Cross Country On the off chance that You Like Sacred Heart, You May Also Like These Schools Boston University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSouthern Connecticut State University: Profile Yale University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNew York University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphQuinnipiac University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAlbertus Magnus College: Profile Hofstra University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBrown University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWesleyan University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphProvidence College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Connecticut: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of New Haven: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Holy Heart University Mission Statement Peruse the total statement of purpose at sacredheart.edu/pages/115_mission_statement.cfm Holy Heart University is a coeducational, autonomous, extensive foundation of higher learning in the Catholic scholarly custom whose essential goal is to plan people to live in and make their commitments to the human network. Information Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

Tipalti

Tipalti INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in the beautiful Palo Alto in the office of Tipalti. Hi, Chen, who are you and what do you do?Chen: Tipalti is a mass payment service provider. We have companies who do mass payments; these would be marketplaces, advertising networks, affiliate networks, e-commerce and any company that has a large volume of payments. Those companies share set of challenges and pains and starts with just managing the workflow, so if you have many payments to many payees globally just knowing who you paid, where, what succeeded, what failed, communicating with the payees, communicating with your assistants â€" all that is a challenging itself. But the more complex challenges to make things sure that you pay those individuals around the world in a payment method that is efficient, timely and in the right method for these individuals.When you need to make a payment in the US it is easy, it’s called the ACH network and PayPal and other networks which are very efficie nt. But if you as a US company or any other company from any other place in the world and you need to make global payments you need to tap into the domestic networks that are available in the target country, you need to know what the regulatory in that country requires, what currency the payee wants to get paid in, what currency you want to make the payment in. The e-wallet, PayPal is strong in some markets and there are other e-wallets in other markets. Some people want to get paid by check, in less developed countries they want to get paid by prepaid debit cards or cash on delivery. So supporting all this wide range of payment methods is really unrealistic to expect from our customers to take that and the default to some mediocre solution and before they walk into Tipalti.On top of that you need to be compliant with IRS requirements W9, W8, tax withholding, treaty management, the whole slew of challenges over there. And then you need to make sure that you are making payments to go od actors, that you are not involved in money laundry or drug traffic financing. You have to screen those payees and know your customer processes and so and so forth there are a host of challenges that our customers face and we solve all of these challenges in a very, very frictionless way; frictionless in the sense that to benefit from Tipalti you need one line of code in your supplier, partner, payee website. That one line of code allow Tipalti to look like it is a part of your website, white label completely but interact with the payee and supplier, get all the information required, present the payment options that are available in that country, validating information per what the regulator in that country requires, do all the other processes that I mentioned and when you need to make a payment you will tell us, “Please pay payee X that amount” and we already know how to complete the process. You have to invest no effort in order to to do that. We are frictionless also in the sense that we communicate with the payee on your behalf so we will send an e-mail from payments@ ‘our customer account’ telling them that we just sent a payment, “it will be in your bank account the day after tomorrow, this transaction number, this valueâ€"” so reducing the anxiety level on the other side, waiting for the funds to arrive.Many of our customers push the cost of the transaction to the payee and since Tipalti is predominately transaction based, the business model is predominately transaction based, it means that the cost of working with Tipalti is very low as well. So it is very frictionless from all those aspects and if you as a customer have the sense of the pain some global payments, more than a hundred payments and some global you will be in a world of pain and we will be a great solution for you.Martin: Chen, your background story is very interesting, can you give us a little bit more insights in what did you do before and what made you start this company in the first place?Chen: Sure. Almost all of my career was in entrepreneurial phases. So, I started in telecom space building business units around telecom areas in the nineties, in the later part of the nineties I built a ADSL business for what became the second largest ADSL provider in the world at that time. I then was an active board member in a couple of companies one in the security space and the other in mobile messaging. I then co-founded the company in the business intelligence space and before Tipalti I was the CEO of another telecommunication company but we sold it to Nokia-Siemens back in 2008. So a lot of entrepreneurial work and then Tipalti is the combination of all that career.Martin: How did it start because there was an interesting story with a friend of you?Chen: Sure. After selling that last company I mentioned I took some time off and later told a friend of mine that I was ready to go back into the game and he later called me and said that one of his portfolio c ompany’s had the pain that friend is Oren Zeev, who is a very well respected investor here in the bay area and the company was an ad network that needed to pay their publishers regularly. They had tens of thousands of publishers and needed to make regular payments. And the founder of that company was expressing a pain, he said “I am making all these payments, it takes days every month to do that” and half jokingly told my co-founder, my friend that if he and his entrepreneur friend started this company they would have their first customer.So he and I went and met this company and understood the pain completely. I had no background either in payments nor in internet advertising, nothing of that sort but the pain sounded very relevant, very reasonable and it was only question of whether there is enough market and whether there was enough pain there or is it unique to this company. So we started like that â€" out of customer expressing very explicit pain which is great. We all wa nt to start companies when you have the first customer in your back pocket already.Martin: And how did you come with the name Tipalti?Chen: Oren and myself were thinking about names. He was trying some names, I was trying some names and then one day I was at my home and a friend came to visit. The friend is not from the technology space, he is an artist, a sculpture and that is what he does and he asked me how are things going with the new company I was starting. I said “It is great, the need is obvious, I know what I want to do, we already had customers by then or two prospects and everything was great, but the only thing that was missing was a name for the company”. So he kind of pinched his forehead forâ€"it wasnt long, maybe it was three or four minutes and then he said “Tipalti.” And Tipalti in Hebrew means “I took care of it”.It was great because it really encompassed the vision that we already had back then to really take ownership of the whole process and take a very, very complex involved process away from the accounts payable team and solve it completely and take complete ownership so Tipalti was very fitting.Martin: Interesting that the domain was still available.Chen: Yes, because it is a word in Hebrew. It is very unlikely that his word will be picked up and yet the domain was not taken which is always one of the considerations when you pick a company name.BUSINESS MODEL OF TIPALTIMartin: Let’s talk about the business model of Tipalti. You said before that you are targeting mass markets, the mass payments. What is the biggest difference in terms of payment providers if you are looking at PayPal for example and then looking at Tipalti?Chen: Usually when people talk about payments they think, “How do I get money into my business ”. So PayPal does that and BrainTree and Stripe and Square, Chase Payment. Many companies will help businesses sell and get the money from the buyers into the company. Tipalti is really on the opposite side . Our customers are businesses that have many, many suppliers and need to pay them. So if you are an advertising network you place ads on thousands of websites and at the end of the month you need to pay all those thousands of websites. So this is the major difference, we are focused on paying out while most of the payments world is focused on getting payments in from mobile or website whatever that may be.And in that space of paying out we are very unique, we take that holistic approach that they said, it’s a suite approach. Payments is one component of a suite of challenges and solutions and solutions to these challenges that we provide and we are very unique there, we are the only game in town.Martin: And are you also providing some kind of recommendations for selecting some other suppliers for example that might be even better?Chen: It is not relevant for the wayâ€" sometimes we are asked about some companies that need to get paid in and we just do the pay out so and we are as ked if we can do the pay in and we don’t. We are focused on the pay out and we will try to recommend pay in solutions but usually it is not in the scope of our work.Martin: How is the revenue model working? You said before that you have it based on a transactional model and how does that work?Chen: So there are several components to our pricing. We can divide it into three groups:the SaaSâ€" so monthly subscription or pay a unit fee,the transaction fees, andcurrency conversion fees.So if you are sending a thousand payments one payment would be PayPal and another will be a Swift Wire and another will be a local bank transfer in a prepaid debit card and a check and it will be a mix. Each of those payment methods carry a cost and either you as the payer bear the cost of the transaction or as most of our customers do you pass the cost of the transaction to the recipient. You offer them a large selection so they can choose low cost or high cost payment method but it is up to them for p ay to them.The other component is the currency conversion. Again, the payee may choose to get paid in US dollars or can choose to get paid in a foreign currency, it is up to them to choose but they bear the cost. Let’s say, the advertising network pays a thousand dollars but the guy on the other side wants to get paid in Euros then they say, “Ok let Tipalti convert it to you but you carry the cost for that”.And the SaaS â€" there is the monthly fee and other components carry different fees so we have an invoice processing fee, we have KYC (know your customer fee). These are all optional modules and there is a basic monthly service fee that we charge.Martin: From a technology perspective what is the hardest thing you had to solve? Is it payment or some other part of your suite?Chen: There are many challenges. We are really a financial institution, we are a licensed financial institution so the challenges we face come from different aspects. The breath of the problem is the numb er one challenge. We took a suite approach, we want to be tax compliant, we want to do mail compliance, payments we want to do a host of things. We want to integrate with the RPC that communicate with the payees. There are a host of challenges. The breath of the problem is the big challenge. We are investing heavily in engineering for five years now and we are not near complete and that is the basic challenge.Then working in the banking space / financial space has its own set of challenges. They are a significant compliance regulatory licensing challenges that you need to face. Banks are not very startup friendly. It is not their cup of tea usually so there are challenges there. They are not very fast, they are not very techy so we have our work cut out for us.Martin: And what made you go for the rough suite and not go for the two or three problems?Chen: When that person I told you in the beginning described to me his pain that was the pain I saw. He said, “This is what I do” an d I actually sat with him for half a day in the office literally seeing what he was doing, what his day was. He was logging into his bank user interface and chatting with his support people and doing all that stuff and I understood what is the other extreme. So that was one extreme doing everything manually, the president of the company logging into a terminal, trying to send wires, it was ridiculous. He did express all the pains. He said the W9 processing is a major part of their support efforts and reconciliation and money laundry, all of that. He expressed all those pains and the next customer expressed literally the same thing so I understood the commonality and the commonality was ‘We are in the business of doing something. We are an ad network and we focus on ad networking, or we are an e-commerce platform and we are focused on e-commerce, please take all that away from us. We are not interested in that. It is unnecessary evil. We know it is the core of the business for the other side, they want to get paid but this is not our core competency. If you can take all that away, you would make us happy.And that is what we do, we take all that away. Taking all that away means building a suite that addresses all of the pains that are unsolved.How did you acquire, let’s say, the first 50 customers?Chen: So the first year I was working alone. I was the only employee in the company. I was writing the initial code for the platform and the soliciting customers myself and my co-founder. My co-founder is a very well connected individual so I think out of the first four customers three were introductions that he got and one was a high school friend of mine that made the introduction. There is nothing like having a good network and friends. The first two were immediately in the first two weeksâ€" before we even decided to make the company. The first few companies we talked about the pain were already saying, “We have all of that pain. Sign us up.” The next one followed shortly after and the fourth one few months later. These were the first few customers. They were in Israel, obviously for practicality we are focused on Israel.After the first year I recruited the first employee here at the Bay area some acquaintance from past life and he started going after potential domestic customers. And we knew that we are focused on the advertising network and affiliate networks and there were two major exhibitions AdTech â€" there were two events â€" AdTech East and AdTech West and Affiliate Summit (there is Affiilate Summit East and Affiliate Summit West). And we just went to these events and our prospective customers were aligned in booths one after the other. We just went booth by booth and said, “Hello, we are Tipalti, We are making payments…” and this is how the first few dozen customers came through these efforts.This was all true until about a year ago and we did all outbound all direct sales solicitation of new customers and since last year we have our chief marketing officer join as over a year ago I forget exactly when he joined. But he was the VP marketing of Net Suite which sells to similar customers, similar decision makers and by now more than 50 percent of our business comes from inbound customers. People already know of us and already know that they are interested and reach out to us.Martin: But in the first phase you started with target segment advertisers. Did you add any other customer segments and if yes when and why?Chen: ‘Why’ is usually a random usually anecdotal. So we will go to an event let’s say Affiliate Summit. We will go to AdTech initially and see all the names there. Then we will look whether these companies go to other events. We would come across Affiliate Summits so we go to Affiliate Summit and we will say, “Oh it is actually for affiliate networks. It is not exactly what we do. It is a different segment. Ok, let’s go after that segment”.And then we ourselves were using Odes k (renamed to Upwork marketplace for freelancer), a marketplace. We were user of Odesk, we know what the market place is, let’s go after marketplaces. So we look for marketplaces and find some marketplaces.Most recently e-commerce, which we confused marketplace with e-commerce. There was one customer we reached out to, we thought they were a marketplace but they really were an e-commerce platform and we said, “Ok, How did we neglect e-commerce? That is an obvious market for us.So it is really endless. There are so many markets that just so many markets, just the low hanging fruit. E-commerce I think is a great market for us and so are all the others. Sometimes it is very planned and strategic, many times it’s just anecdotal.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM CHEN AMIT In Palo Alto (CA), we meet Co-Founder CEO of Tipalti, Chen Amit. Chen talks about his story how he came up with the idea and founded Tipalti, how the current business model works, as well as he provides some advice for young entrepreneurs.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in the beautiful Palo Alto in the office of Tipalti. Hi, Chen, who are you and what do you do?Chen: Tipalti is a mass payment service provider. We have companies who do mass payments; these would be marketplaces, advertising networks, affiliate networks, e-commerce and any company that has a large volume of payments. Those companies share set of challenges and pains and starts with just managing the workflow, so if you have many payments to many payees globally just knowing who you paid, where, what succeeded, what failed, communicating with the payees, communicating with your assistants â€" all that is a challenging itself. But the more complex challenges to make things sure that you pay those individuals aroun d the world in a payment method that is efficient, timely and in the right method for these individuals.When you need to make a payment in the US it is easy, it’s called the ACH network and PayPal and other networks which are very efficient. But if you as a US company or any other company from any other place in the world and you need to make global payments you need to tap into the domestic networks that are available in the target country, you need to know what the regulatory in that country requires, what currency the payee wants to get paid in, what currency you want to make the payment in. The e-wallet, PayPal is strong in some markets and there are other e-wallets in other markets. Some people want to get paid by check, in less developed countries they want to get paid by prepaid debit cards or cash on delivery. So supporting all this wide range of payment methods is really unrealistic to expect from our customers to take that and the default to some mediocre solution and be fore they walk into Tipalti.On top of that you need to be compliant with IRS requirements W9, W8, tax withholding, treaty management, the whole slew of challenges over there. And then you need to make sure that you are making payments to good actors, that you are not involved in money laundry or drug traffic financing. You have to screen those payees and know your customer processes and so and so forth there are a host of challenges that our customers face and we solve all of these challenges in a very, very frictionless way; frictionless in the sense that to benefit from Tipalti you need one line of code in your supplier, partner, payee website. That one line of code allow Tipalti to look like it is a part of your website, white label completely but interact with the payee and supplier, get all the information required, present the payment options that are available in that country, validating information per what the regulator in that country requires, do all the other processes t hat I mentioned and when you need to make a payment you will tell us, “Please pay payee X that amount” and we already know how to complete the process. You have to invest no effort in order to to do that. We are frictionless also in the sense that we communicate with the payee on your behalf so we will send an e-mail from payments@ ‘our customer account’ telling them that we just sent a payment, “it will be in your bank account the day after tomorrow, this transaction number, this valueâ€"” so reducing the anxiety level on the other side, waiting for the funds to arrive.Many of our customers push the cost of the transaction to the payee and since Tipalti is predominately transaction based, the business model is predominately transaction based, it means that the cost of working with Tipalti is very low as well. So it is very frictionless from all those aspects and if you as a customer have the sense of the pain some global payments, more than a hundred payments and some g lobal you will be in a world of pain and we will be a great solution for you.Martin: Chen, your background story is very interesting, can you give us a little bit more insights in what did you do before and what made you start this company in the first place?Chen: Sure. Almost all of my career was in entrepreneurial phases. So, I started in telecom space building business units around telecom areas in the nineties, in the later part of the nineties I built a ADSL business for what became the second largest ADSL provider in the world at that time. I then was an active board member in a couple of companies one in the security space and the other in mobile messaging. I then co-founded the company in the business intelligence space and before Tipalti I was the CEO of another telecommunication company but we sold it to Nokia-Siemens back in 2008. So a lot of entrepreneurial work and then Tipalti is the combination of all that career.Martin: How did it start because there was an interesti ng story with a friend of you?Chen: Sure. After selling that last company I mentioned I took some time off and later told a friend of mine that I was ready to go back into the game and he later called me and said that one of his portfolio company’s had the pain that friend is Oren Zeev, who is a very well respected investor here in the bay area and the company was an ad network that needed to pay their publishers regularly. They had tens of thousands of publishers and needed to make regular payments. And the founder of that company was expressing a pain, he said “I am making all these payments, it takes days every month to do that” and half jokingly told my co-founder, my friend that if he and his entrepreneur friend started this company they would have their first customer.So he and I went and met this company and understood the pain completely. I had no background either in payments nor in internet advertising, nothing of that sort but the pain sounded very relevant, very re asonable and it was only question of whether there is enough market and whether there was enough pain there or is it unique to this company. So we started like that â€" out of customer expressing very explicit pain which is great. We all want to start companies when you have the first customer in your back pocket already.Martin: And how did you come with the name Tipalti?Chen: Oren and myself were thinking about names. He was trying some names, I was trying some names and then one day I was at my home and a friend came to visit. The friend is not from the technology space, he is an artist, a sculpture and that is what he does and he asked me how are things going with the new company I was starting. I said “It is great, the need is obvious, I know what I want to do, we already had customers by then or two prospects and everything was great, but the only thing that was missing was a name for the company”. So he kind of pinched his forehead forâ€"it wasnt long, maybe it was three o r four minutes and then he said “Tipalti.” And Tipalti in Hebrew means “I took care of it”.It was great because it really encompassed the vision that we already had back then to really take ownership of the whole process and take a very, very complex involved process away from the accounts payable team and solve it completely and take complete ownership so Tipalti was very fitting.Martin: Interesting that the domain was still available.Chen: Yes, because it is a word in Hebrew. It is very unlikely that his word will be picked up and yet the domain was not taken which is always one of the considerations when you pick a company name.BUSINESS MODEL OF TIPALTIMartin: Let’s talk about the business model of Tipalti. You said before that you are targeting mass markets, the mass payments. What is the biggest difference in terms of payment providers if you are looking at PayPal for example and then looking at Tipalti?Chen: Usually when people talk about payments they think, “How do I get money into my business ”. So PayPal does that and BrainTree and Stripe and Square, Chase Payment. Many companies will help businesses sell and get the money from the buyers into the company. Tipalti is really on the opposite side. Our customers are businesses that have many, many suppliers and need to pay them. So if you are an advertising network you place ads on thousands of websites and at the end of the month you need to pay all those thousands of websites. So this is the major difference, we are focused on paying out while most of the payments world is focused on getting payments in from mobile or website whatever that may be.And in that space of paying out we are very unique, we take that holistic approach that they said, it’s a suite approach. Payments is one component of a suite of challenges and solutions and solutions to these challenges that we provide and we are very unique there, we are the only game in town.Martin: And are you also providing some kind of r ecommendations for selecting some other suppliers for example that might be even better?Chen: It is not relevant for the wayâ€" sometimes we are asked about some companies that need to get paid in and we just do the pay out so and we are asked if we can do the pay in and we don’t. We are focused on the pay out and we will try to recommend pay in solutions but usually it is not in the scope of our work.Martin: How is the revenue model working? You said before that you have it based on a transactional model and how does that work?Chen: So there are several components to our pricing. We can divide it into three groups:the SaaSâ€" so monthly subscription or pay a unit fee,the transaction fees, andcurrency conversion fees.So if you are sending a thousand payments one payment would be PayPal and another will be a Swift Wire and another will be a local bank transfer in a prepaid debit card and a check and it will be a mix. Each of those payment methods carry a cost and either you as the payer bear the cost of the transaction or as most of our customers do you pass the cost of the transaction to the recipient. You offer them a large selection so they can choose low cost or high cost payment method but it is up to them for pay to them.The other component is the currency conversion. Again, the payee may choose to get paid in US dollars or can choose to get paid in a foreign currency, it is up to them to choose but they bear the cost. Let’s say, the advertising network pays a thousand dollars but the guy on the other side wants to get paid in Euros then they say, “Ok let Tipalti convert it to you but you carry the cost for that”.And the SaaS â€" there is the monthly fee and other components carry different fees so we have an invoice processing fee, we have KYC (know your customer fee). These are all optional modules and there is a basic monthly service fee that we charge.Martin: From a technology perspective what is the hardest thing you had to solve? Is it payme nt or some other part of your suite?Chen: There are many challenges. We are really a financial institution, we are a licensed financial institution so the challenges we face come from different aspects. The breath of the problem is the number one challenge. We took a suite approach, we want to be tax compliant, we want to do mail compliance, payments we want to do a host of things. We want to integrate with the RPC that communicate with the payees. There are a host of challenges. The breath of the problem is the big challenge. We are investing heavily in engineering for five years now and we are not near complete and that is the basic challenge.Then working in the banking space / financial space has its own set of challenges. They are a significant compliance regulatory licensing challenges that you need to face. Banks are not very startup friendly. It is not their cup of tea usually so there are challenges there. They are not very fast, they are not very techy so we have our work c ut out for us.Martin: And what made you go for the rough suite and not go for the two or three problems?Chen: When that person I told you in the beginning described to me his pain that was the pain I saw. He said, “This is what I do” and I actually sat with him for half a day in the office literally seeing what he was doing, what his day was. He was logging into his bank user interface and chatting with his support people and doing all that stuff and I understood what is the other extreme. So that was one extreme doing everything manually, the president of the company logging into a terminal, trying to send wires, it was ridiculous. He did express all the pains. He said the W9 processing is a major part of their support efforts and reconciliation and money laundry, all of that. He expressed all those pains and the next customer expressed literally the same thing so I understood the commonality and the commonality was ‘We are in the business of doing something. We are an ad ne twork and we focus on ad networking, or we are an e-commerce platform and we are focused on e-commerce, please take all that away from us. We are not interested in that. It is unnecessary evil. We know it is the core of the business for the other side, they want to get paid but this is not our core competency. If you can take all that away, you would make us happy.And that is what we do, we take all that away. Taking all that away means building a suite that addresses all of the pains that are unsolved.How did you acquire, let’s say, the first 50 customers?Chen: So the first year I was working alone. I was the only employee in the company. I was writing the initial code for the platform and the soliciting customers myself and my co-founder. My co-founder is a very well connected individual so I think out of the first four customers three were introductions that he got and one was a high school friend of mine that made the introduction. There is nothing like having a good network a nd friends. The first two were immediately in the first two weeksâ€" before we even decided to make the company. The first few companies we talked about the pain were already saying, “We have all of that pain. Sign us up.” The next one followed shortly after and the fourth one few months later. These were the first few customers. They were in Israel, obviously for practicality we are focused on Israel.After the first year I recruited the first employee here at the Bay area some acquaintance from past life and he started going after potential domestic customers. And we knew that we are focused on the advertising network and affiliate networks and there were two major exhibitions AdTech â€" there were two events â€" AdTech East and AdTech West and Affiliate Summit (there is Affiilate Summit East and Affiliate Summit West). And we just went to these events and our prospective customers were aligned in booths one after the other. We just went booth by booth and said, “Hello, we ar e Tipalti, We are making payments…” and this is how the first few dozen customers came through these efforts.This was all true until about a year ago and we did all outbound all direct sales solicitation of new customers and since last year we have our chief marketing officer join as over a year ago I forget exactly when he joined. But he was the VP marketing of Net Suite which sells to similar customers, similar decision makers and by now more than 50 percent of our business comes from inbound customers. People already know of us and already know that they are interested and reach out to us.Martin: But in the first phase you started with target segment advertisers. Did you add any other customer segments and if yes when and why?Chen: ‘Why’ is usually a random usually anecdotal. So we will go to an event let’s say Affiliate Summit. We will go to AdTech initially and see all the names there. Then we will look whether these companies go to other events. We would come across Affiliate Summits so we go to Affiliate Summit and we will say, “Oh it is actually for affiliate networks. It is not exactly what we do. It is a different segment. Ok, let’s go after that segment”.And then we ourselves were using Odesk (renamed to Upwork marketplace for freelancer), a marketplace. We were user of Odesk, we know what the market place is, let’s go after marketplaces. So we look for marketplaces and find some marketplaces.Most recently e-commerce, which we confused marketplace with e-commerce. There was one customer we reached out to, we thought they were a marketplace but they really were an e-commerce platform and we said, “Ok, How did we neglect e-commerce? That is an obvious market for us.So it is really endless. There are so many markets that just so many markets, just the low hanging fruit. E-commerce I think is a great market for us and so are all the others. Sometimes it is very planned and strategic, many times it’s just anecdotal.ADVICE TO ENTREP RENEURS FROM CHEN AMITMartin: Let’s talk about the advice section. What advice could you give to first time entrepreneurs?Chen: I think first time entrepreneurs would rather work withâ€" not be alone. Tipalti I started alone but it was already my fourth or fifth endeavor and I was able to do everything alone. I was able to solicit customers and do finances and fundraise and do the technical part. But that is not first time.Now I am supporting two first time entrepreneurs and both are grateful for the fact they are two. But one is dealing more with the technical point, one is dealing more with the outside part and there is a lot of support system. It is hard to be an entrepreneur. For me, my support system was my co-founder, so we are two entrepreneurs. I am not by myself here but I think working as a team initially is very important.Martin: One thing is more interesting because you are similar to financial institution and you are working with regulatory stuff which is totally not the case for most of the startups. What advice could you give in this regard? How startups could work with regulators?Chen: So again many things in life are anecdotal and random. I like to say, I am not sure it is true, but I like to say that had I known today all the challenges and the compliance and regulatory work that is required I might have not started Tipalti. I am not sure, maybe it is not true.But the lesson is don’t be afraid, even if it is not typical. Going into the financial space as a startup likeâ€"think Elon Musk, he is now building satellites and flying to space, it is OK to think big don’t be afraid of things that seem unnatural. So maybe it is unnatural to think that you are going to fly satellites to space like Elon Musk does and say it is unreasonable to think that you will play within the financial institutions space. It is all doable. The highest mountain, the more barriers you build, maybe it is harder to climb it, you are building more barriers, you are becoming more special.I think by now five years later we have built so many barriers and we are so unique in what we do I don’t feel competition that much. Obviously it is so good to be on your toes with competition but I think that we are very well positioned because of all the assets and all the mountains we have climbed in the last five years.So, regulatory sounds like something which is not startup friendly and it is not startup friendly but it is also not a wall. Literally on Monday I spoke with a regulator of one of the states. There was a challenge for us and the regulator was very accommodating. He didn’t want to be between us and our business. He said, “Oh, I understand what your issue is” and offered a way to work together on resolving it. So it is not always the case there are many times they are rigid, but don’t be afraid. It is surmountable, many times it is surmountable.Martin: What would be your advice on creating a competitive advantage?Chen: You are concer ned with competitive advantage if you came into the market too late. If you are coming to the hot market then you should be concerned with competitive advantage because it is hot and everyone is there. When we started Tipalti it was a very, very cold market. I don’t think the word fintech excited at that time. Even some of our investors use terminology that describe what we do in less than flattering way. They liked what we do but they say,”You are dealing with what everyone else doesn’t want to deal with. ” “Really? Is that what they do?” I had a lot of passion, you know, but it’s payments so I like the problem solving aspect of entrepreneurship.If you are solving a problem for a customer that is unsolved then you are already building your competitive advantage because now you are solving something unique and keep on addressing that problem. And there are several ways to have a competitive advantage â€" one is on the product side which I think we are largely there â€" we are building very, very rich and robust product that helps our customers. The other is being first movers so you have companies that develop products that are not very technological. There is no rocket science in many of the unicorns of the world but they were just first to the market. So just do it. If you have found a problem go, go fast, go strong and focus on solving a problem to a customer and the differentiation will come from that, either from being first on the market or from building a wide solution for your customers.Martin: Great. Chen, thank you so much for your time.Chen: Thank you.Martin: And if next time you are thinking about starting a company and you are worried about “I am not an expert in this domain” don’t worry. Chen is a very good example of even if you don’t know the market, if you are able to identify a customer problem and execute on it you might have a good startup. Thank you so much.

The Obstacles And Challenges Of Medical Marijuana

The Obstacles and Challenges in Legalizing Medical Marijuana As more effective treatments for diseases and cancers are being developed, a safe and promising drug is being under attack for its many misconceptions. Marijuana use of both medicinally and recreationally, has been hindered by the misconceptions it has faced due to it being on the schedule 1 drug class of the U.S government. These misconceptions of medical marijuana have hindered its legalization by having people continue to believe them, refusing to learn the beneficial properties of medical marijuana, and as a result have affected people who could benefit from this form of treatment. The three main misconceptions of medical marijuana are that it is deadly, addictive,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Marijuana has been shown to alleviate symptoms of a wide range of debilitating medical conditions, including cancer, HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer s disease, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), epilepsy, Crohn s disease, and glaucoma, and is often an effective alternative to narcotic painkillers.† (Merino) Medical marijuana helps increase people s appetite, relieves symptoms of pain and diseases that affect their ability to move, and helps reduce anxiety levels when dealing with certain diseases or more intense treatments. There are also different and safer forms of using medical marijuana other than smoking such as edibles, oils, vaporizing, tinctures, transdermal patches, and beverages. â€Å" Marijuana took away my nausea, so I could eat healthy. It took away the severe restlessness and anxiety, so I could relax. It allowed me to eat, sleep and be up and active when I was awake — all of which are critical to recovery.† (Bokland) Most medical marijuana supporters suffer from a form of cancer or other disease, medical marijuana is a safe treatment that has been proven to help people who suffer from these diseases. A group of physicians named â€Å"The Doctors for Ca nnabis Regulation† are the largest group of doctors that are in favor of medical marijuana legalization, deming that cannabis is far less dangerous and unhealthy for adults than both alcohol and tobacco. Even with all this information, people still refuse to allow the use of medicalShow MoreRelatedPublic Health And Health Assessment1108 Words   |  5 Pagesthe various aspects of public health; including the advantages of public health assessments and how public health assessments can be used to for public health policies. 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Under the 1970 Controlled Substances Act, marijuana is listed as a Schedule I substance, which defines it as having a high potential for abuse; and no currently accepted medical use.; Marijuana is therefore classified more severely than cocaine and morphine, which as Schedule II drugs are also banned for general useRead MoreTeen Drug Abuse2370 Words   |  10 Pagesto much life Changing obstacles. More and more teens are turning to drugs to deal with their troubles and numb their pain. Teenage drug abuse is on a rising high. The drug choice by teens is pain relievers, prescription drugs, tranquilizers, and stimulants. Often teens also use sedative drugs to get high. Teenagers turn away from the streets to use drugs as a comfort zone. Teen users are using marijuana and prescription drugs as their first drug choice. Marijuana There is one main ingredientRead MoreArticle Review : Reducing Drug Cartel Violence2339 Words   |  10 PagesThroughout his campaign, Calderon, emphasized how the rights of millions of Mexicans had been kidnapped by criminal organizations throughout Mexico . Calderon prioritized rule of law and the war against drugs since he considered them the most  important obstacles Mexico needed to face to become a developed country.  Ã‚  In 2006, Calderon launched a war against drug cartels determined to eliminate these criminal organizations that had corrupted many parts of the Mexican society. For decades, the life’s of MexicansRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse Among College Students1983 Words   |  8 Pagestreatment(s) is/are available? These questions and the answers will be discussed later on. There are many possible reasons why a person may use prescription drugs non-medically. According to a study conducted by Rozenbroek and Rothstein (2011) most non-medical users use socially with friends rather than alone. To come to this conclusion, they sent out a questionnaire that contained information regarding three categories: opioids, CNS depressants, and stimulants. The questionnaire included demographic informationRead MoreEffective Offender Reentry Programs For Local Communities2296 Words   |  10 Pages he was found guilty of expired under-lapping concurrent sentences of Simple/Aggravated Assault (5 years to 10 years), Robbery (10 years to 20 years), and Criminal Conspiracy (5 years to 10 years). He claimed that he was under the influence of marijuana, wine, and amphetamines when we committed the murder. Employment Services and Education Post-release employment is considered to be one of the most important factors for returning inmates to smoothly transition back into society. In fact

Sybil Essay - 3103 Words

Video Case Report PSY 281 – Abnormal Psychology Guilford Technical Community College For Dr. Stephen Ash Student Name(s): Kallie Roberts, Porsha, and Jarvis Date: 15, April 2013 1. Name of Video: Sybil 2. Assigned Case Character: a. Character Name: Sybil Dorsett b. Played by Actor/Actress: Sally Field 3. DSM-IV-TR Diagnoses: Axis I: Dissociative Identity Disorder (300.14) Axis II: N/A Axis III: Axis IV (External Stressors): Screeching sounds, like the one from the swing that triggered her flashback, and also any woman with the same hairstyle as her mother like the woman pushing the swing that caused her to flashback and lose her substitute teaching†¦show more content†¦Wilbur. Peggy, who talks like a little child, holds Sybils artistic abilities, and appears because Sybils fears. She is confused and doesn’t even know that she’s in New York. Marcia constantly has suicidal thoughts and attempts. It’s presumed she tried to kill Sybil in the Harlem hotel but was stopped by Vicky. C. Inability to recall important personal information that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. Sybil told Dr. Wilbur that when she was a little girl she woke up one day and was two years older. When she was admitted to the hospital for cutting her hand she didn’t know she gave Dr. Wilbur to do neurological tests on her. She didn’t even know when she got to the hospital or even how long she had been there, and when she felt smelt the fragrances Dr. Wilbur gave her she regressed into another personality, and woke up with another time lapse. D. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., blackouts or chaotic behavior during Alcohol Intoxication) or a general medical condition (e.g., complex partial seizures). Note: In children, the symptoms are not attributable to imaginary playmates or other fantasy play. Back to Overall Video Case Report Format: 5. Etiology: According to Nevid et al. 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The movie depicted on what Shirley had gone through as child, which included physical, emotional,Read MoreDissociative Identity Disorder : Dissociative Identification Disorder1485 Words   |  6 Pagessights. Although this a good statement, this argument is invalid. The movie â€Å"Sybil† was released in 1976. â€Å"Sybil† was based around the idea of a girl who had Dissociative Identity Disorder but did not know she had it. After this movie was released the cases of people of Dissociative Identity skyrocketed. There were nearly hundreds of cases of Dissociative Identity Disorder before the movie was released. After Sybil was released there were thousands of cases diagnosed. People will argue the amountRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Great Gatsby By F. 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Mason’s story about her horrible childhood and her multiple personalities was turned into a best-selling book, Sybil, and it was turned into an immensely popular TV miniseries of the same name featuring Sally Fields (Grimminck). Moreover, in 1994, Dissociative Identity Disorder was finally recognized within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersRead MoreEssay on What Does Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Truly Means?616 Words   |  3 Pagesyoung girl named Sybil. First things first, the name Sybil has plenty symbolism. Does the name Sybil Isabel Dorsett ring a bell? It was a cover up name for the real Shirley Ardell Mason who was diagnosed with multiple personality disorder, now known as DID. Her life began January 25, 1923 and early on her symptoms scared not only her own schizophrenic mother, but also everyone who came into contact with her. The point of this rant is to expose the symbolism on how the name Sybil is associatedRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder And Media Depictions3153 Words   |  13 Pageshave been many portrayals of Dissociative Identity Disorder over the years and the following three barely scratch the surface. The first and perhaps most influential media portrayal is the film Sybil. This film is about a young woman by the name of Sybil Dorsett, an art student studying in New York City. Sybil suffers from black outs and after finding herself in Philadelphia with no recollection of how she got there, and apparen tly having been there for a week, she begins seeking psychiatric help. SheRead MoreHow Does Dissociative Identity Disorder?872 Words   |  4 Pagesassaulted her while her mother emotionally abused her for 12 years. 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Sometimes aggressive behavior is also present, as well as some hallucinations and visions. Nature vs. Nurture

A Study on How Informatics Affect the Clinical Nursing Practice Free Essays

Computers have played an important role in every profession including nursing. Information technology is widely used by different hospitals worldwide to strengthen the quality that was given to the patients. Hence, nursing informatics has emerged in the past and continues to boom and being used by the medical practitioners nowadays. We will write a custom essay sample on A Study on How Informatics Affect the Clinical Nursing Practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nursing Informatics is a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science and information science to manage and communicate data, information and knowledge in nursing practice. It facilitates the integration of data, information and knowledge to support patients, nurses and other providers in their decision making in all roles and settings. This support is accomplished through the use of information structures, information processes and information technology. (ANA, 2001, p. 17) It is anticipated that majority of nurses who will enter the profession will be computer literate by the year 2010. In addition, it is also anticipated that every health care setting will employ at least one Nurse Informatics specialist and will implement some type of a Clinical Information System. It is designed to support clinical nursing practice. It requires not only an understanding of professional nursing but also technology that is the application of science to function electronically. [1] Nursing practice has evolved and changed radically. It has become an integral part of the Electronic Health Record. Computer systems with nursing and patient care data, nursing care plans were integrated into one interdisciplinary patient health record in the Electronic Health Record. Continued advancement of information and technology and its application to the nursing practice plays an important role and greatly affect each nurse especially those registered nurses who are more experienced, that is why this term paper seeks to present and discuss the role of informatics in clinical nursing practice. More specifically, it answers the following: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are the nursing tasks and responsibilities that will apply to the use of computer technology that will contribute to good clinical governance? 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How can the nurses further involve themselves both in the use of technology and decision making process in regards to the evaluation and selection of applications in the computer software and hardware? 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What are the strategies that can be used to bridge the age and digital experience gap between participating nurses and the influx of the next generation new graduates that apply to informatics application? This particular topic needs a great deal of general description method. In the process, it can also be helped with the use of review of some studies that is related to the impact of nursing informatics to clinical nursing. I. Body The application of Nursing Informatics provides great benefits not only to the patients but to the nurses themselves as well. The health care team especially nurses makes use of Electronic Health Record (HER) in documenting the case of the patient. It is a secure, real time point of care, patient-centric information resource for clinicians. The EHR can include dental and other records concerning a patient. It represents the portions of a patient’s medical record that are stored in a computer system as well the functional benefits derived from having an electronic health record. (HIMSS Analytics, INC, 2007) (Gartee, 2007) One advantage of an electronic health record is that it can be simultaneously available to everyone who needs to use it. Secondly is that, electronic records necessitate the collection of structured data. The nurse can systematically collect data that can be transformed into information for decision making and can also be used to examine what practices, treatments, and procedures are associated with the best outcomes. The nursing responsibility that will apply to the use of informatics is mainly the nursing documentation. Because it encompasses most of the nursing tasks which includes observation, plan of care which is also known as nursing care plan that has to be documented. Each and every procedure and intervention may it be dependent or independent nursing intervention has to be documented in a proper way. The strategies that can be used by nurses to involve themselves in informatics is based in the result of the study which was published in 2005 that examined the readiness of nurses in the United States for a shift to evidence based practice. There are several issues that has to be addressed to involve nurses to participate in the use of technology in delivering quality health care to their patients. These issues are the following: (1) lack of access to research findings; (2) lack of ability to mine the information from the bibliographic databases; (3) lack of time; and (4) lack of the value in research. The first issue according to Diane Pravikoff, the presence of rich and appropriate resources for use in gathering the evidence is one of the most important factors in incorporating EBP into practice. Based on the issues that was given, the strategies that can be used to involve nurses in informatics is mainly participation to researches and breakthroughs that is given by accredited organization to foster the scarcity of nurses who are not aware to the rapidly increasing discoveries and breakthroughs in the field of nursing. Secondly is in the participation of nurses to seminars. In addition, it will also be a great help if the nursing professionals will involve themselves in the continuing education to further enhance their knowledge in improving the quality of care of the patients. Moreover, it will have a great outcome if all nurses will be trained on how to use the information technology and study the applications that are needed in using and accessing the electronic health record of the patient. Lastly, it is more important that this knowledge gained from experiences, researches and seminars and education must be put into practice and be mastered to provide the optimum health of the patients. As previously discussed, to bridge the age and digital experience gap between participating nurses and the influx of the next generation new graduates that apply to informatics application, all nurses should participate in a training in information and technology and involve themselves in continuing education especially in the field of nursing informatics to address the anticipated outcome of the American Nurses Association which is by year 2010, majority of nurses should be computer literate. Nurses should participate to formal trainings and pursue the course either through a traditional type of degree such as a Masters or via a Certificate program. [1] Kathleen A. McCormick, Essentials of Nursing Informatics (International edition 2006), 4 How to cite A Study on How Informatics Affect the Clinical Nursing Practice, Papers

Red Album by Taylor Swift free essay sample

Over the course of the previous year I have avoided the pop genre of music completely. Mostly because I feel the genre has become corrupt. Personally, I feel that pop music has gone from thought provoking songs to plain noise. It wasn’t until this month that I began to pay more attention to the good parts of this genre. My best friend, (who knows I hate pop music) raved about Taylor Swift’s latest album â€Å"Red† and begged me to listen to it. After weeks of her pleading with me, I unenthusiastically listened to the track. Surprisingly enough I wasn’t appalled by the music, and truthfully enjoyed the songs. Most of the melodies were upbeat and very catchy, and I will admit to listening to the track multiple times. I especially liked the song starlight, because of it’s throwback theme, and loved the way Taylors lyrics were poetry and had hidden meaning. We will write a custom essay sample on Red Album by Taylor Swift or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All of the songs were well written, and I found myself singing the songs in my day to day life. After listening to this album I decided to give more pop songs a chance because I truly loved this track. I have found a new appreciation for Taylor Swift, and highly recommend this album to anyone who enjoys catchy melodies and meaningful lyrics.

Essay on Ecosystems Water and Illinois River

Essay on Ecosystems Water and Illinois River Essay on Ecosystems: Water and Illinois River A favorite natural ecosystem of mine in my local area is the Illinois River. The Illinois River is used for a lot of different things in the community. The Illinois River is a huge tourist attraction for river rafting, canoeing, and camping. I know this first hand because I drowned while river rafting this summer. The river also provides local farmers with rich moist soil. That is why the Tahlequah farmers market is thriving each season. Another very common use for the river is for septic systems. The main function of a river is to transport water from head waters to the ocean. The natural process is never ending the hydrologic cycle returns river run off to the sea. For surface water the cycle lasts 11 days (all surface water is replaced every 11 days). Rivers provide a source of fresh water that is replenish able within a short time frame. Rivers carry a different source of water though. The Illinois River carries liquid water but it also carries some solids. Suspended solids (se diments) are small solid particles which remain in suspension in water as a colloid. The other main solid the Illinois River carries are dissolved solids (mostly salts). This is repetitive but rivers carry these solids to the ocean it is any rivers main role. The Illinois River has a dissolved salt content ranging from as low as 50 parts per million (ppm) near the head waters to as much as 1000 ppm in the lower reaches. The amount changes every year depending on Oklahoma weather. In the summer it is normal for Oklahoma temperatures to range from 98 degrees to 105 degrees. This causes the Illinois River to produce a lot of salt this is because it is released from all the waste in the river. The Illinois River doesn't have horrible waste compared to a lot of rivers like the Mississippi River. But I have definitely witnessed people just pouring cans of beer in the river. In Oklahoma there is a lot of irrigation this produces salt. The crops evapotranspire a huge amount of water. The cr ops release good and not so good nutrients from the underlying soil and rock. The Illinois river has suffered a lot of damage from irrigation, heat, and tourists. Since Oklahoma is very protective of our natural ecosystems laws have been put in place to protect the Illinois River. The only changes that occur on the river are usually natural (like salinity levels, wild life, drought, or flooding) because the laws put in place prohibit people from even littering in the river. Also, a lot of people volunteer to clean the river up. The Illinois River is a pretty clean river in a lot of parts the water is not muggy at all you can see to the bottom. There is not a lot of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the Illinois River. The total amount of

MBA Admission Essay Writing

MBA Admission Essay Writing MBA Admission Essay Writing MBA Admission Essay: Writing a Successful One It is not a secret that MBA admission essay is considered to be rather complicated and challenging task to accomplish. Everything is staked. All your dreams, efforts, desires depend on MBA admission essay you have to write in order to make your dreams come true. Your MBA admission essay is your ticket for your future successful life, and it absolutely depends on you whether this ticket will be successful or unfortunate one. That is why each person should treat the assignment of MBA admission essays writing to be one of the most serious assignments to complete and fully devote himself or herself to it. Extremely interesting personal statement is what you have to present in your MBA admission essay:http://.com/blog/mba-essay-help However, at this point, the question arises how to do this? Understand the Question! You have to understand that you are not the only one who wants to be admitted, that there are hundreds of other students who are dreaming to take your place. All of them are going to try their best in order to achieve their goal and to be admitted. That is why you have to write such MBA admission essay, which is going to put you aside from all the other competitors and bring you immediate success in a form of college or university admission. Have we clarified the task you have to succeed in? Pay Attention To Structure! To understand how to arrange your MBA admission essay and what to write in it, you have to imagine that you are a member of the admission committee. What do you want from the applicants? Which traits of character do you appreciate the most? These questions will help you to understand how to write your MBA admission essay. If still you feel that, the knowledge you have received is not enough to write a successful MBA admission essay, which will present you the admission itself, visit our site in order to read through the samples of MBA admission essays. They are certain to help you with your MBA admission essay writing and provide you with some interesting ideas, which you can mention in your MBA admission essay writing. Avoid Writing Monotonously! Never write monotonous MBA admission essay, it will never catch the committees eye and you will fail to be admitted. Try to make your MBA admission essay be bright, colorful, interesting, unusual, and exciting. If you need some additional help and support while your MBA admission essay writing, appeal to our custom essay writing service and we will help you with great pleasure. Read also: Conclusion Writing Writing Thesis Papers Thesis Papers in Education Dissertation Paper Term Paper on Cholesterol and Lipids

Principle of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Principle of Management - Essay Example etent leader conducts internal analyses, reviews the external market and competitive environments and also considers the current state of human capital in the employee population. This report highlights a series of specific tasks which can lead to the identification of problems in the construction business unit as well as the tasks necessary to move the business forward and build profit and a better retention model. The issues which are leading to rather flat growth and improvement must be identified in order to give the construction unit a competitive edge in its industry. Competitors have managed to perform better in relation to profit increases and maintaining a contented workforce who are not as apt to seek other job opportunities. This means that the construction industry, as a whole, provides opportunities for advancement in areas of profit and turnover if these issues can be successfully identified. The first task necessary in this goal is to conduct an analysis of the company’s strengths and weaknesses in areas of human resources, the internal use of finances, marketing, and job design. This can be accomplished using the SWOT analysis template, designed to review the internal and external business environment in order to give the manager a snapshot of what is occurring at the business and employee level. â€Å"SWOT analysis remains a major strategic tool for listing the strengths and weaknesses of the organisational unit and can translate them into value† (Coman and Ronen, 2009, p.5677). For example, it is necessary to review all functional and inter-related departments to essentially audit how they are interacting at the interpersonal and business levels. Administrative groups may not be providing the necessary support or encouragement needed for lower-level employees within the organisation, thus reducing morale. The SWOT analysis would identify poorly-function ing business units as a weakness and give the manager a guideline by which to make internal

How the Concepts of Cultural Identity and Representation Essay

How the Concepts of Cultural Identity and Representation - Essay Example Punk is a subculture movement that emerged in the 1970s and the 1980s by the appearance of punk bands such as The Sex Pistols, The Ramones and The Talking Heads. Before analyzing punk culture it is important that we define the concepts of cultural identity and representation so that we are able to use them coherently in our understanding of a brand of music that has been so often misunderstood. Cultural identity is referred to as self-definition with reference to a knowledge tradition or a set of ideas and practices that are shared or widely prevalent in a delineated population. When comparing cultural identity and collective identity, the construct of cultural identity may not conform to that of collective identity. In some instances, Kitayama and Cohen (2007) observe, both cultural and collective identity can represent the same thing; cultural can be regarded as a group when a particular knowledge tradition is completely shared in the designated group. However, even the most widely distributed culture is rarely followed completely by all members of the designated group. Even though cultural identity and collective identity may fail to equate, there is a strong line between cultural identification and collective identification. The degree of identification is associated with how much the individual relates himself to his or her identity. People who relate themselves strongly to a knowledge tradition or culture regard this cultural identity to be an integral component of their self-definition.

Selfish And Unselfish Actions As Personal Interest Philosophy Essay

Selfish And Unselfish Actions As Personal Interest Philosophy Essay Selfishness is an act of being self-centered and egotistical. It is the ability of a person to do his or her own things without helping others or meeting the needs of other people, they only concentrate in self-satisfaction. Selfishness also shows satisfaction being a goal of an act. Altruistic on the other hand is the state of being selfless, unselfish, humane and philanthropic. It is where an individual views satisfaction as a feature of accomplishing a certain goal and how he or she enjoys helping others. It is the ability of an individual to set down strategies of meeting the needs of other people and he or she receives enjoyment from doing it and accomplishing their goal. The ultimate aim of this paper is to examine the arguments by various individuals that gives a clear implications of the distinction between selfishness and altruistic (Batson Shaw, 1991). To begin with, it is important to view both selfish and unselfish actions as a personal interest where the individuals does what they merely intended to do especially when the action is done voluntarily (Rachels, 2003). Rachels was greatly against the arguments that people never volunteers to do anything except what they only wish to do. This is because most people do actions they do not wish to do in order to achieve a certain goal, which a person needs to meet (Kurt, 1990). In addition, there are some actions, which people may wish not to do but are forced to do them because they fell their selves under an obligation to them. For example, paying the fees of your child in school or institution is just an obligation but most people do not love it because it is too expensive. This means that individuals usually act from a single motive known as self-love and this is greatly supported by the ethical egoism, which suggests people should only act from self-love. However, note that every person is selfish because he or she does what he or she wishes to do. For instance one individual might want to help a colleague become successful and achieve their goals, while a different individual trys to sabotage or betray them, both do what they wish and they are both selfish. Therefore, it is the objective of an individual that brings about an act of selfishness. If several of a persons objectives is to make them happy then they are selfish. If a person wants to help others, the person is kind, when he or she wishes to cause harm to them, then the person is malicious. It is the deform view of human nature where both ethical and psychological egoism rest. For example, I allow my sister to stay in my spare bedroom while she is in town visiting, this is a case of kindness. It is also clear that because the altruistic actions normally produces self-satisfaction in the individual and because the same satisfaction sense is a good conscious state, it is then that the action is actually intended to accomplish a pleasant state of consciousness, other than bringing about the good for others. For example, when a member of government establishes a certain project in his area before election, he only accomplishes a state of consciousness to make people happy but in real sense, he is self-centered in that he aims to win peoples favor during the elections. Thus, the action is seen as unselfish but only at a superficial analysis level. Even though many actions by individuals are accelerated by whole or part of self-interest. Thus, most actions done by individuals either to themselves or to others are because of self-interest which is just accentually selfishness and self-satisfaction. There are some instances of common and well-known altruistic actions like self-sacrifice and gratuitous help and this is what makes the psychological egoism seem to be false. For example, what intention can a mother have in sight after perseveringly attending to her sick child? After a long struggle the child languishes and eventually dies from their injuries, by the death of the child, what goal does the anguishing mother achieve after the long attendance to dying child? Therefore, it is obviously wrong and very incorrect to describe such an object or a goal of that mother as self-interest or selfishness. The psychological egoists however, commented on the same by saying that such kind of help on others is strongly motivated by some sort of self-interest like the reciprocation expectation, the non-sensory satisfaction, and the desire to gain reputation or respect or by the reward expectation in a presumed afterlife (Rachels, 2003). The action of helping is actually very active in su ch strong selfish goals. This is what brings about altruistic acts which people do though most of them do not do it whole-heartedly. Psychological hedonism The psychological hedonism on the other hand suggests that the main aim of the motive of egoism it to create better pleasure feelings and preventing or avoiding bad feelings of pain (Kurt, 1990). For example, a student will always be seen obeying the school rules but in real sense, there are certain rules they wishes to break as they feel they do not believe or respect them but to avoid punishment, they abide by them. There are however, other non-limited forms of psychological egoism let the main aim of an individual to encompass things like preventing punishment from an individual or other things like shame or guilt and obtaining presents such as self-worth, pride, reciprocal beneficial action. This means that some people will do the good deeds or try to portray altruistic attitude that they do not actually have. They normally do it in order to be praised and feel proud of themselves but in real sense, they are actually selfish. It is only that they tend to show satisfaction as a go al of an act. It is difficult to explain the theory of universal positivity even though people accept it because for instance, taking an action like a soldier jumping on a grenade with the main aim of saving his colleagues all in the name of sacrifice (Batson Shaw, 1991). Such an incident does have time for the person to experience positivity towards the action of an individual. However, the psychological egoist may argue out that the soldier encounters moral positivity in when he makes sure that he is sacrificing his life to ensure the comrades are safe and survive or else he is avoiding the negativity connected with the thought of all of his colleagues dying. Psychological egoists also argue out that while some actions may not clearly portray social or physical positivity, nor preventing negativity, the initial considerations or reactionary mental expectation is the major issue. When a dog is taught how to sit on the first occasion, it is given a biscuit. This happens for several times until it learns how to sit without being given the biscuit. The egoists hence claim that such actions that do not require or result to direct positivity or reward are very different from the dogs actions (Kurt, 1990). In this case sitting after being asked to or commanded will have now become a habitual force and ending such habits is usually very difficult and may lead to mental discomfort. This may apply to morality as well as the theory applied to appear ineffective positive actions. This has lead to accusation of the psychological egoism being circular. If a person performs an act freely without being forced to acquire personal enjoyment from an act, for that reason; therefore majority of people carry out these actions that make them feel some type of enjoyment. This is the case in altruistic acts where people perform them while getting enjoyment from them and therefore, they are egoistic. The argument is highly circular because such an argument has its conclusion similar to its hypothesis assuming that people only perform acts that give them personal enjoyment (Rachels, 2003). This is the objection that came up with Joseph Butler though it was a modification of Hazlitt and Macaulays works. However, Joel Feinberg expounded the idea in his Psychological Egoism paper of 1958 where he encompassed the following cross-examination. All men desire only satisfaction. Satisfaction of what? Satisfaction of their desires. Their desires for what? Their desires for satisfact ion. Satisfaction of what? Their desires? For what? For satisfaction. Therefore, it is evident enough that the altruistic act is circular.

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Entries and relative size According to the publishers, it would take a single person 120 years to type the 59 million words of the OED second edition, 60 years to proofread it, and 540 megabytes to store it electronically. [4] As of 30 November 2005, the Oxford English Dictionary contained approximately 301,100 main entries. Supplementing the entry headwords, there are 157,000 bold-type combinations and derivatives; 169,000 italicized-bold phrases and combinations; 616,500 word-forms in total, including 137,000 pronunciations; 249,300 etymologies; 577,000 cross-references; and 2,412,400 usage quotations. The dictionary's latest, complete print edition (Second Edition, 1989) was printed in 20 volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in 21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb set, which required 60,000 words to describe some 430 senses. As entries began to be revised for the OED3 in sequence starting from M, the longest entry became make in 2000, then put in 2007. [5] Despite its impressive size, the OED is neither the world's largest nor earliest dictionary. The Dutch dictionary Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, which has similar aims to the OED, is the largest and it took twice as long to complete. The earliest large dictionary is the Grimm brothers' dictionary of the German language, begun in 1838 and completed in 1961. The first edition of the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, which is the first great dictionary devoted to a modern European language (Italian), was published in 1612; the first edition of Dictionnaire de l'Academie francaise dates from 1694. The first edition of the official dictionary of Spanish, the Diccionario de la lengua espanola (produced, edited, and published by the Real Academia Espanola) was published in 1780. The Kangxi dictionary of Chinese was published even earlier, in 1716. The OED's official policy is to attempt to record a word's most-known usages and variants in all varieties of English past and present, worldwide. Per the 1933 â€Å"Preface†: The aim of this Dictionary is to present in alphabetical series the words that have formed the English vocabulary from the time of the earliest records [ca. AD740] down to the present day, with all the relevant facts concerning their form, sense-history, pronunciation, and etymology. It embraces not only the standard language of literature and conversation, whether current at the moment, or obsolete, or archaic, but also the main technical vocabulary, and a large measure of dialectal usage and slang. It continues: Hence we exclude all words that had become obsolete by 1150 [the end of the Old English era] †¦ Dialectal words and forms which occur since 1500 are not admitted, except when they continue the history of the word or sense once in general use, illustrate the history of a word, or have themselves a certain literary currency. The OED is the focus of much scholarly work about English words. Its headword variant spellings order list influences written English in English-speaking countries. [citation needed] [edit] History [edit] Origins At first, the dictionary was unconnected to Oxford University but was the idea of a small group of intellectuals in London;[6] it originally was a Philological Society project conceived in London by Richard Chenevix Trench, Herbert Coleridge, and Frederick Furnivall, who were dissatisfied with the current English dictionaries. In June 1857, they formed an â€Å"Unregistered Words Committee† to search for unlisted and undefined words lacking in current dictionaries. In November, Trench's report was not a list of unregistered words; instead, it was the study On Some Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries, which identified seven distinct shortcomings in contemporary dictionaries: Incomplete coverage of obsolete words Inconsistent coverage of families of related words Incorrect dates for earliest use of words History of obsolete senses of words often omitted Inadequate distinction among synonyms Insufficient use of good illustrative quotations Space wasted on inappropriate or redundant content. The Philological Society, however, ultimately realized that the number of unlisted words would be far more than the number of words in the English dictionaries of the 19th century. The Society eventually shifted their idea from only words that were not already in English dictionaries to a more comprehensive project. Trench suggested that a new, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On 7 January 1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a comprehensive new dictionary. [7] Volunteer readers would be assigned particular books, copying passages illustrating word usage onto quotation slips. In 1858, the Society agreed to the project in principle, with the title â€Å"A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles† (NED). [edit] Early editors Richard Chenevix Trench played the key role in the project's first months, but his ecclesiastical career meant that he could not give the dictionary project the time required, easily ten years[citation needed]; he withdrew, and Herbert Coleridge became the first editor. Frederick Furnivall, 1825–1910On 12 May 1860, Coleridge's dictionary plan was published, and research started. His house was the first editorial office. He arrayed 100,000 quotation slips in a 54-pigeon-hole grid. In April 1861, the group published the first sample pages; later that month, the thirty-one-year old Coleridge died of tuberculosis. Furnivall then became editor; he was enthusiastic and knowledgeable, yet temperamentally ill-suited for the work. [8] Many volunteer readers eventually lost interest in the project as Furnivall failed to keep them motivated. Furthermore, many of the slips had been misplaced. Recruited assistants handled two tons of quotation slips and other materials. Furnivall understood the need for an efficient excerpting system, and instituted several prefatory projects. In 1864, he founded the Early English Text Society, and in 1868, he founded the Chaucer Society for preparing general benefit editions of immediate value to the dictionary project. The compilation lasted 21 years. [citation needed] In the 1870s, Furnivall unsuccessfully attempted to recruit both Henry Sweet and Henry Nicol to succeed him. He then approached James Murray, who accepted the post of editor. In the late 1870s, Furnivall and Murray met with several publishers about publishing the dictionary. In 1878, Oxford University Press agreed with Murray to proceed with the massive project; the agreement was formalized the following year. [9] The dictionary project finally had a publisher 20 years after the idea was conceived. It would be another 50 years before the entire dictionary was complete. Despite the participation of some 800 volunteer readers, the technology of paper-and-ink was the major drawback regarding the arbitrary choices of relatively untrained volunteers about â€Å"what to read and select† and â€Å"what to discard. â€Å"[cite this quote][clarification needed] Late in his editorship Murray learned that one prolific reader W. C. Minor was a criminal lunatic. [10] Minor, a Yale University trained surgeon and military officer in the U. S. Civil War, was confined to Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane after killing a man in London. The story of Minor and Murray is told in Simon Winchester's The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary[11] (U. S. title – elsewhere The Surgeon of Crowthorne: a tale of murder, madness and the love of words). Minor invented his own quotation-tracking system allowing him to submit slips on specific words in response to editors' requests. edit] Oxford editors James Murray in the Scriptorium at Banbury RoadDuring the 1870s, the Philological Society was concerned with the process of publishing a dictionary with such an immense scope. Although they had pages printed by publishers, no publication agreement was reached; both the Cambridge University Press and the Oxford University Press were approached. Finally, in 1879, after two years' negotiating by Sweet, Furnivall, and Murray, the OUP agreed to publish the dictionary and to pay the editor, Murray, who was also the Philological Society president. The dictionary was to be published as interval fascicles, with the final form in four 6,400-page volumes. They hoped to finish the project in ten years. Murray started the project, working in a corrugated iron outbuilding, the â€Å"Scriptorium†, which was lined with wooden planks, book shelves, and 1,029 pigeon-holes for the quotation slips. He tracked and regathered Furnivall's collection of quotation slips, which were found to concentrate on rare, interesting words rather than common usages: for instance, there were ten times as many quotations for abusion than for abuse. citation needed] Through newspapers distributed to bookshops and libraries, he appealed for readers who would report â€Å"as many quotations as you can for ordinary words† and for words that were â€Å"rare, obsolete, old-fashioned, new, peculiar or used in a peculiar way. â€Å"[cite this quote] Murray had American philologist and liberal-arts-college professor Francis March manage the collectio n in North America; 1,000 quotation slips arrived daily to the Scriptorium, and by 1882, there were 3,500,000. The first Dictionary fascicle was published on 1 February 1884—-twenty-three years after Coleridge's sample pages. The full title was A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society; the 352-page volume, words from A to Ant, cost 12s. 6d or U. S. $3. 25. The total sales were a disappointing 4,000 copies. [citation needed] The OUP saw it would take too long to complete the work with unrevised editorial arrangements. Accordingly, new assistants were hired and two new demands were made on Murray. The first was that he move from Mill Hill to Oxford; he did, in 1885. Murray had his Scriptorium re-erected on his new property. The 78 Banbury Road, Oxford, house, erstwhile residence of James Murray, Editor of the Oxford English DictionaryMurray resisted the second demand: that if he could not meet schedule, he must hire a second, senior editor to work in parallel to him, outside his supervision, on words from elsewhere in the alphabet. Murray did not want to share the work, feeling he would accelerate his work pace with experience. citation needed] That turned out not to be so, and Philip Gell of the OUP forced the promotion of Murray's assistant Henry Bradley (hired by Murray in 1884), who worked independently in the British Museum in London, beginning in 1888. In 1896, Bradley moved to Oxford University. Gell continued harassing Murray and Bradley with his business concerns—containing costs and speedy production—to the point where the project's collapse seemed like ly. Newspapers[specify] reported the harassment, and public opinion backed the editors. Gell was fired, and the University reversed his cost policies. If the editors felt that the Dictionary would have to grow larger, it would; it was an important work, and worth the time and money to properly finish. Neither Murray nor Bradley lived to see it. Murray died in 1915, having been responsible for words starting with A-D, H-K, O-P and T, nearly half the finished dictionary; Bradley died in 1923, having completed E-G, L-M, S-Sh, St and W-We. By then two additional editors had been promoted from assistant work to independent work, continuing without much trouble. William Craigie, starting in 1901, was responsible for N, Q-R, Si-Sq, U-V and Wo-Wy. Whereas previously the OUP had thought London too far from Oxford, after 1925 Craigie worked on the dictionary in Chicago, where he was a professor. The fourth editor was C. T. Onions, who, starting in 1914, compiled the remaining ranges, Su-Sz, Wh-Wo and X-Z. It was around this time that J. R. R. Tolkien was employed by the OED, researching etymologies of the Waggle to Warlock range [12]; he parodied the principal editors as â€Å"The Four Wise Clerks of Oxenford† in the story Farmer Giles of Ham. Julian Barnes also was an employee; he was said[who? ] to dislike the work. [edit] Fascicles By early 1894 a total of 11 fascicles had been published, or about one per year: four for A-B, five for C, and two for E. Of these, eight were 352 pages long, while the last one in each group was shorter to end at the letter break (which would eventually become a volume break). At this point it was decided to publish the work in smaller and more frequent instalments: once every three months, beginning in 1895, there would now be a fascicle of 4 pages, priced at 2s. 6d. or $1 U. S. If enough material was ready, 128 or even 192 pages would be published together. This pace was maintained until World War I forced reductions in staff. Each time enough consecutive pages were available, the same material was also published in the original larger fascicles. Also in 1895, the title Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was first used. It then appeared only on the outer covers of the fascicles; the original title was still the official one and was used everywhere else. The 125th and last fascicle, covering words from Wise to the end of W, was published on 19 April 1928, and the full Dictionary in bound volumes followed immediately. The early modern English prose of Sir Thomas Browne is probably the most frequently quoted source of neologisms in the completed dictionary. William Shakespeare is the most-quoted writer, with Hamlet his most-quoted work. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) is the most-quoted woman writer. Collectively, the Bible is the most-quoted work (but in many different translations); the most-quoted single work is Cursor Mundi. edit] Oxford English Dictionary and First Supplement Between 1928 and 1933 enough additional material had been compiled to make a one volume supplement so the dictionary was reissued as the set of 12 volumes and a one-volume supplement in 1933. [edit] Second Supplement and Second Edition In 1933 Oxford had finally put the Dictionary to rest; all work ended, and the quotation slips went into storage. However, the English language continued to change, and by the time 20 years had passed, the Dictionary was outdated. There were three possible ways to update it. The cheapest would have been to leave the existing work alone and simply compile a new supplement of perhaps one or two volumes; but then anyone looking for a word or sense and unsure of its age would have to look in three different places. The most convenient choice for the user would have been for the entire dictionary to be re-edited and retypeset, with each change included in its proper alphabetical place; but this would have been the most expensive option, with perhaps 15 volumes required to be produced. The OUP chose a middle approach: combining the new material with the existing supplement to form a larger replacement supplement. Robert Burchfield was hired in 1957 to edit the second supplement; Onions, who turned 84 that year, was still able to make some contributions as well. Burchfield emphasized the inclusion of modern-day language, and through the supplement the dictionary was expanded to include a wealth of new words from the burgeoning fields of science and technology, as well as popular culture and colloquial speech. Burchfield also broadened the scope to include developments of the language in English-speaking regions beyond the United Kingdom, including North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, and the Caribbean. The work was expected to take seven to ten years. [citation needed] It actually took 29 years, by which time the new supplement (OEDS) had grown to four volumes, starting with A, H, O and Sea. They were published in 1972, 1976, 1982, and 1986 respectively, bringing the complete dictionary to 16 volumes, or 17 counting the first supplement. By this time it was clear that the full text of the Dictionary would now need to be computerized. Achieving this would require retyping it once, but thereafter it would always be accessible for computer searching — as well as for whatever new editions of the dictionary might be desired, starting with an integration of the supplementary volumes and the main text. Preparation for this process began in 1983, and editorial work started the following year under the administrative direction of Timothy J. Benbow, with John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner as co-editors. Editing an entry of the NOED using LEXXAnd so the New Oxford English Dictionary (NOED) project began. More than 120 keyboarders of the International Computaprint Corporation in Tampa, Florida, and Fort Washington, Pennsylvania, USA, started keying in over 350,000,000 characters, their work checked by 55 proof-readers in England. Retyping the text alone was not sufficient; all the information represented by the complex typography of the original dictionary had to be retained, which was done by marking up the content in SGML. A specialized search engine and display software were also needed to access it. Under a 1985 agreement, some of this software work was done at the University of Waterloo, Canada, at the Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary, led by Frank Tompa and Gaston Gonnet; this search technology went on to become the basis for the Open Text Corporation. Computer hardware, database and other software, development managers, and programmers for the project were donated by the British subsidiary of IBM; the colour syntax-directed editor for the project, LEXX, was written by Mike Cowlishaw of IBM. [13] The University of Waterloo, in Canada, volunteered to design the database. A. Walton Litz, an English professor at Princeton University who served on the Oxford University Press advisory council, was quoted in Time as saying â€Å"I've never been associated with a project, I've never even heard of a project, that was so incredibly complicated and that met every deadline. â€Å"[14] By 1989 the NOED project had achieved its primary goals, and the editors, working online, had successfully combined the original text, Burchfield's supplement, and a small amount of newer material, into a single unified dictionary. The word â€Å"new† was again dropped from the name, and the Second Edition of the OED, or the OED2, was published. The first edition retronymically became the OED1. The OED2 was printed in 20 volumes. For the first time, there was no attempt to start them on letter boundaries, and they were made roughly equal in size. The 20 volumes started with A, B. B. C. , Cham, Creel, Dvandva, Follow, Hat, Interval, Look, Moul, Ow, Poise, Quemadero, Rob, Ser, Soot, Su, Thru, Unemancipated, and Wave. Although the content of the OED2 is mostly just a reorganization of the earlier corpus, the retypesetting provided an opportunity for two long-needed format changes. The headword of each entry was no longer capitalized, allowing the user to readily see those words that actually require a capital letter. Also, whereas Murray had devised his own notation for pronunciation, there being no standard available at the time, the OED2 adopted the modern International Phonetic Alphabet. Unlike the earlier edition, all foreign alphabets except Greek were transliterated. The British quiz show Countdown has awarded the leather-bound complete version to the champions of each series since its inception in 1982. When the print version of the second edition was published in 1989, the response was enthusiastic. The author Anthony Burgess declared it â€Å"the greatest publishing event of the century,† as quoted by Dan Fisher of the Los Angeles Times (25 March 1989). [cite this quote] TIME dubbed the book â€Å"a scholarly Everest,†[14] and Richard Boston, writing for the London Guardian (24 March 1989), called it â€Å"one of the wonders of the world. â€Å"[cite this quote] New material was published in the Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series, which consisted of two small volumes in 1993, and a third in 1997, bringing the dictionary to a total of 23 volumes. Each of the supplements added about 3,000 new definitions. However, no more Additions volumes are planned, and it is not expected that any part of the Third Edition, or OED3, will be printed in fascicles. [edit] Compact editions In 1971, the 13-volume OED1 (1933) was reprinted as a two-volume, Compact Edition, by photographically reducing each page to one-half its linear dimensions; each compact edition page held four OED1 pages in a four-up (â€Å"4-up†) format. The two volume letters were A and P; the Supplement was at the second volume's end. The Compact Edition included, in a small slip-case drawer, a magnifying glass to help in reading reduced type. Many copies were inexpensively distributed through book clubs. In 1987, the second Supplement was published as a third volume to the Compact Edition. In 1991, for the OED2, the compact edition format was re-sized to one-third of original linear dimensions, a nine-up (â€Å"9-up†) format requiring greater magnification, but allowing publication of a single-volume dictionary. It was accompanied by a agnifying glass as before and A User's Guide to the â€Å"Oxford English Dictionary†, by Donna Lee Berg. After these volumes were published, though, book club offers commonly continued to sell the two-volume 1971 Compact Edition. [edit] Electronic versions A screenshot of the first version of the OED Second Edition CD-ROM software. Once the text of the dictionary was digitized and online, it was also available to be published on CD-ROM. The text of the First Edition w as made available in 1988. Afterward, three versions of the second edition were issued. Version 1 (1992) was identical in content to the printed Second Edition, and the CD itself was not copy-protected. Version 2 (1999) had some additions to the corpus, and updated software with improved searching features, but it had clumsy copy-protection that made it difficult to use and would even cause the program to deny use to OUP staff in the midst of demonstrating the product. [citation needed] Version 3. 0 was released in 2002 with additional words and software improvements, though its copy-protection remained as unforgiving as that of the earlier version. Version 3. 1. 1 (2007) includes a return to the less restrictive nature of version 1, with support for hard disk installation, so that the user does not have to insert the CD to use the dictionary. It has been reported that this version will work on operating systems other than Microsoft Windows, using emulation programs. [15][16] Version 4. 0 of the CD, available since June 2009, works with Windows 7 and, for the first time ever, with Mac OS X (10. 4 or later). [17][18] This version will use the CD drive for installation, running only from the hard drive. On 14 March 2000, the Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED Online) became available to subscribers. [19] The online database contains the entire OED2 and is updated quarterly with revisions that will be included in the OED3 (see below). The online edition is the most up-to-date version of the dictionary available. Whilst the OED web site is not optimised for mobile devices, they have stated that there are plans to provide an API which would enable developers to develop different interfaces for querying the OED. [20] As the price for an individual to use this edition, even after a reduction in 2004, is ? 95 or US$295 every year, most subscribers are large organizations such as universities. Some of them do not use the Oxford English Dictionary Online portal and have legally downloaded the entire database into their organization's computers. [citation needed] Some public libraries and companies have subscribed as well, including, in March and April 2006, most public libraries in Engla nd, Wales, and New Zealand;[21][22][23] any person belonging to a library subscribing to the service is able to use the service from their own home. Another method of payment was introduced in 2004, offering residents of North or South America the opportunity to pay US$29. 95 a month to access the online site. [edit] Third Edition The planned Third Edition, or OED3, is intended as a nearly complete overhaul of the work. Each word is being examined and revised to improve the accuracy of the definitions, derivations, pronunciations, and historical quotations—a task requiring the efforts of a staff consisting of more than 300 scholars, researchers, readers, and consultants, and projected to cost about $55 million. The result is expected to double the overall length of the text. The style of the dictionary will also change slightly. The original text was more literary, in that most of the quotations were taken from novels, plays, and other literary sources. The new edition, however, will reference all manner of printed resources, such as cookbooks, wills, technical manuals, specialist journals, and rock lyrics. The pace of inclusion of new words has been increased to the rate of about 4,000 a year. The estimated date of completion is 2037. [24][25] New content can be viewed through the OED Online or on the periodically updated CD-ROM edition. As of 1993, John Simpson is the Chief Editor. Since the first work by each editor tends to require more revision than his later, more polished work, (work on the first edition was begun at A) it was decided to balance out this effect, by performing the early, and perhaps itself less polished, work of the current revision at a letter other than A. Accordingly, the main work of the OED3 has been proceeding in sequence from the letter M. When the OED Online was launched in March 2000, it included the first batch of revised entries (officially described as draft entries), stretching from M to mahurat, and successive sections of text have since been released on a quarterly basis; by March 2010, the revised section had reached Rg. As new work is done on words in other parts of the alphabet, this is also included in each quarterly release. In March 2008, the editors announced that they would alternate each quarter between moving forward in the alphabet as before and updating â€Å"key English words from across the alphabet, along with the other words which make up the alphabetical cluster surrounding them. † The production of the new edition takes full advantage of computers, particularly since the June 2005 inauguration of the whimsically named â€Å"Perfect All-Singing All-Dancing Editorial and Notation Application†, or â€Å"Pasadena. With this XML-based system, the attention of lexicographers can be directed more to matters of content than to presentation issues such as the numbering of definitions. The new system has also simplified the use of the quotations database, and enabled staff in New York to work directly on the Dictionary in the same way as their Oxford-based counterparts. [26] Other important computer uses include internet searches for evidence of current usage, and e-mail submissions of quotations by readers and the general public. Wordhunt was a 2005 appeal to the general public for help in providing citations for 50 selected recent words, and produced antedatings for many. The results were reported in a BBC TV series, Balderdash and Piffle. The OED’s small army of devoted readers continue to contribute quotations; the department currently receives about 200,000 a year. [edit] Spelling Main article: Oxford spelling The OED lists British headword spellings (e. g. labour, centre) with variants following (labor, center, etc. ). For the suffix more commonly spelt -ise in British English, OUP policy dictates a preference for the spelling -ize, e. . realize vs realise and globalization vs globalisation. The rationale is partly linguistic, that the English suffix mainly derives from the Greek suffix - , (-izo), or the Latin -izare; however, -ze is also an Americanism insofar as the -ze suffix has crept into words where it did not originally belong, as with analyse (British English), which is spelt analyze in A merican English. [27] See also -ise/-ize at American and British English spelling differences. The sentence â€Å"The group analysed labour statistics published by the organization† is an example of OUP practice. This spelling (indicated with the registered IANA language tag en-GB-oed) is used by the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the International Organization for Standardization, and many British academic publications, such as Nature, the Biochemical Journal, and The Times Literary Supplement. [edit] Criticisms Despite its claim of authority[citation needed] on the English language, the Oxford English Dictionary has been criticised from various angles. Indeed, it has become a target precisely because of its massiveness, its claims to authority, and, above all, its influence. In his review of the 1982 supplement, University of Oxford linguist Roy Harris writes that criticizing the OED is extremely difficult because â€Å"one is dealing not just with a dictionary but with a national institution†, one that â€Å"has become, like the English monarchy, virtually immune from criticism in principle†. [28] Harris also criticises what he sees as the â€Å"black-and-white lexicography† of the Dictionary, by which he means its reliance upon printed language over spoken—and then only privileged forms of printing. He further notes that, while neologisms from respected â€Å"literary† authors such as Samuel Beckett and Virginia Woolf are included, usage of words in newspapers or other, less â€Å"respectable†, sources hold less sway, although they may be commonly used. [28] In contrast, Tim Bray, co-creator of Extensible Markup Language (XML), credits the OED as the developing inspiration of that markup language. Similarly, the author Anu Garg, founder of Wordsmith. org, has called the Oxford English Dictionary a â€Å"lex icon. † [29] [edit] See also Canadian Oxford Dictionary Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English Concise Oxford English Dictionary New Oxford American Dictionary Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary Oxford Dictionary of English Shorter Oxford English Dictionary [edit] Notes ^ OED2 from Amazon. com ^ Oxford University Press ^ OED is through Rg from the official OED website ^ OED Facts ^ http://www. oed. com/news/updates/revisions0712. html ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 103–104, 112. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 107–108. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 110. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. pp. 111–112. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. p. xiii. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York: HarperPernnial. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. ^ OED Contributors: Tolkien ^ LEXX – A pro grammable structured editor, Cowlishaw, M. F. , IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 31, No. 1, 1987, IBM Reprint order number G322-0151 ^ a b Paul Gray, â€Å"A Scholarly Everest Gets Bigger,† Time, 27 March 1989. R. J. Holmgren, â€Å"v3. x under Mac OS X and Linux†, last revised 22 March 2008. Accessed 19 April 2008 ^ â€Å"Bernie† from ELearnAid. com, â€Å"Oxford English Dictionary News†, 6 May 2004. Accessed 19 April 2008 ^ â€Å"Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Version 4. 0 (Windows & Mac)†. http://www. amazon. com/Oxford-English-Dictionary-Version-Windows/dp/0199563837/. ^ â€Å"Mac Compatibility†. http://www. oup. co. uk/ep/cdroms/oed/oed2v3_11/#4. ^ Juliet New (22 March 2000). â€Å"‘The world's greatest dictionary' goes online†. Ariadne (23). ISSN 1361-3200. http://www. ariadne. ac. k/issue23/oed-online/. Retrieved 18 March 2007. , ^ â€Å"Looking Forward to an Oxford English Dictionary API†. htt p://blog. webometrics. org. uk/2009/08/looking-forward-to-oxford-english. html. ^ â€Å"Oxford Online in English Public Libraries†. http://www. oup. com/online/englishpubliclibraries/. ^ â€Å"New Zealand procurement†. http://epic. org. nz/nl/Procurement. html. ^ â€Å"OED on-line New Zealand†. http://epic. org. nz/nl/oup. html#oed. ^ Stephanie Willen Brown, From Unregistered Words to OED3, CogSci Librarian, 23 August 2007. Accessed 23 October 2007. ^ Simon Winchester. History of the Oxford English Dictionary TVOntario Big Ideas. (27 May 2007). Podcast accessed on 1 December 2007. ^ Liz Thompson (December 2005). â€Å"Pasadena: A Brand New System for the OED† (PDF). Oxford English Dictionary News (Oxford University Press): p. 4. http://oed. com/pdfs/oed-news-2005-12. pdf. Retrieved 15 March 2007. ^ http://www. askoxford. com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutspelling/ize? view=get ^ a b Harris 1982, p. 935. ^ Globe & Mail [edit] References Creaser, Wanda. Review of Willinsky, John, Empire of Words: The Reign of the Oxford English Dictionary. Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 50:1 (1996): 108–109. JSTOR. 7 April 2008. [1] Harris, Roy (3 September 1982). â€Å"The History Men†. Times Literary Supplement: 935–936. Gleick, James (5 November 2006). â€Å"Cyber-Neologoliferation†. The New York Times Magazine. [edit] Further reading Caught in the Web of Words: J. A. H. Murray and the Oxford English Dictionary, by K. M. Elisabeth Murray, Oxford University Press and Yale University Press, 1977; new edition 2001, Yale University Press, trade paperback, ISBN 0-300-08919-8. Empire of Words: The Reign of the Oxford English Dictionary, by John Willinsky, Princeton University Press, 1995, hardcover, ISBN 0-691-03719-1. The Meaning of Everything: The Story of the Oxford English Dictionary, Simon Winchester, Oxford University Press, 2003, hardcover, ISBN 0-19-860702-4. (UK title) The Surgeon of Crowthorne / (US title) The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of The Oxford English Dictionary, by Simon Winchester; see The Surgeon of Crowthorne for full details of the various editions. Lost for Words: The Hidden History of the Oxford English Dictionary, by Lynda Mugglestone, Yale University Press, 2005, hardcover, ISBN 0-300-10699-8. The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary, by Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall, and Edmund Weiner, Oxford University Press, 2006, hardcover, ISBN 0-19-861069-6. Treasure-House of the Language: the Living OED, Charlotte Brewer, Yale University Press, 2007, hardcover, ISBN 978-0-300-12429-3. Chasing the Sun: Dictionary Makers and the Dictionaries They Made, by Jonathon Green, Jonathan Cape, 1996, hardcover, ISBN 0-224-04010-3. edit] External links The Oxford English Dictionary's official website Archive of documents (as page images), including Trench's original â€Å"Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries† paper Murray's original appeal for readers Their page of OED statistics, and another such page. Two sample pagesPDF (1. 54 MiB) from the OED. Examining the OED: Charlotte Brewer's analysis of the principles a nd practices used by OED editors Bibliography of â€Å"[c]ritical assessments of OED or accounts of its history†, from Examining the OED The OED Meets Cyberspace: James Gleick's 2006 article.